THIN PAINS | BALTASAR GARZÓNUpdated 13/03/2015
(The diaries infoLibre, Public, eldiario.es and ElPlural.com jointly publish this article and this video on the occasion of the first anniversary of the reform of universal jurisdiction)
“National sovereignty resides in the Spanish people”, our Constitution says it. He also points out that of this, of the town, all powers of the State emanate. It turns out that the jurisdiction, understood as the faculty or power to judge, It is one of the expressions of national sovereignty. That is why when this is limited It has to be for reasons of compelling necessity and also requires a broad consensus among the representatives of the people, and requires a transparent explanation.
in 1985 A law was approved that expanded the scope of Spanish jurisdiction based on the principle of universal persecution forcertain crimes of extraordinary seriousness (crimes of genocide, guerra, against humanity and crimes referring to the hard core of transnational organized crime such as terrorism and drug trafficking) why, as Spanish jurisprudence says, Its recognition was necessary “for the protection of essential goods for humanity.”, recognized by all civilized nations, regardless of the nationality of the participants and the place of commission, as soon as, in essence, "It addresses the knowledge of specifically international crimes.".
Was, precisely, It was this law that allowed criminal procedures to be initiated in our country to investigate crimes of genocide., torture, against humanity and war in defense of thousands of victims and against those in power who had violated the trust of their citizens and had broken the constitutional mandate to protect them in their countries of origin. Mass crimes perpetrated by Argentine and Chilean repressors during the dictatorship of the Military Juntas and Pinochet, respectively; crimes unpunished by the laws of forgiveness and obedience due to which thousands of men and women had disappeared, muertos, tortured without measure, stolen children and tens of thousands of exiles with the acquiescence of countries like the United States of America, under the mantle of the doctrine of so-called “national security” propagated by the School of the Americas.
It was the decisions of committed and brave judges that in 1998 They decided that the Spanish jurisdiction could not remain silent in the face of so much abuse and indifference; These were moments in which the Constitutional Court rose to the occasion by accepting the principle of pure universal jurisdiction., as an essential mechanism to fight against impunity and offer comprehensive protection to victims.
The so-called “Madrid trials”” impacted the world of law and human rights. At last, Justice wrote its history in capital letters, above political interests, diplomatic and economic. The Judiciary was raised to the constitutional level with which it is entrusted, facing the arbitrary and criminal power of those who massacred thousands of victims. It is, They found in justice the reparation so many times denied by the institutions. It seemed that civilization prevailed over barbarism. This situation spread and caught on in many countries and, above all, transmitted a forceful message to those who placed no limit other than their will in the exercise of violence and power.
Also, and under the protection of that universal jurisdiction, Spain persecuted thousands of drug traffickers and terrorists, contributing to effective judicial cooperation to avoid spaces of impunity that were so easily drawn and even made to protect those who perpetrated, financed or took advantage of this type of massive crimes.
But the path started in the second half of the nineties, he walked with difficulty, but overcoming the obstacles and traps of those who did not want or desire its consolidation. For them, this principle and the progressive interpretation that was given to it, It was a real “risk”, as were those who applied it. The “risk” of political instability was proclaimed with arguments as childish as they were false. Under the excuse of territoriality and national sovereignty, pure economic and political interests were hidden. Again, It was about protecting the most powerful while abandoning the victims to their fate.. Fortunately, the effort made had caught on in several countries, hence the first blow of the hand artfully given to the Universal Jurisdiction in Spain, did not produce the results expected by those who promoted it.
In the year 2009 and fruit of the agreement of the two main political parties, PSOE and PP, for unexplained reasons but known to all and related to some especially striking cases of crimes allegedly committed by the Israeli military in Gaza and the torture attributable to senior US authorities in the Guantánamo detention center, the exercise of that jurisdiction was curtailedrequire a national connection or link of Spain with the fact pursued. Nevertheless, as there is a possibility of proactive interpretation and for the benefit of research, Many victims continued to look at Spain with hope and many of the leaders suspected of criminal acts did so with fear..
The abandonment of Spanish leadership in the application of Universal Jurisdiction, was consumed abruptly, after Chinese authorities questioned Spanish judges for issuing international arrest warrants against senior Chinese authorities, supposedly related to the Tibetan genocide, investigated by the National Court. He 13 March 2014, at the proposal of the Popular Party and following an “express” procedure” processing, which avoided reports that would otherwise have been required, The ruling party imposed its absolute majority, as he did in 2003 to enter the illegal war in Iraq, and legally committed the “crime” against all Spanish citizens and against all the victims of the worst crimes designed by the human mind, that from the next day they will enjoy a high probability of impunity. The doctrine that the Spanish justice system imparted and extended during 15 years around the world and which has been followed by other legal and judicial systems, was pulverized, thereby consummating the improbable decision of the Supreme Court that two years earlier had definitively buried all judicial possibility of investigation, sanction and reparation for Francoist crimes.
The order to archive all universal justice procedures, collection at your additional disposal, clearly invaded the exclusive powers of the judges. Nevertheless, Some of them rebelled and appealed to the propositional interpretation of the international conventions binding on Spain and to the constitutional doctrine in force since 2005 and kept the procedures open, ensuring that the debacle was not absolute. Nevertheless, the Supreme Court again, little inclined, since always, to the actual exercise of universal jurisdiction, restricted it in relation to crimes of genocide, against humanity and war, and protecting the legislator, gave a favorable interpretation to Spanish jurisdiction in drug trafficking cases, after several judges of the National Court released multiple defendants who clearly went unpunished under the new law. Again, discrimination to the detriment of the weakest and to the benefit of institutions (legislative and executive) who were not up to the task of protecting the victims, joined the clumsiness of those who for unethical reasons, They used a mechanism that generated more difficulties than benefits. Inertia from which terrorism and the combat of international organizations that practice it would not escape. The new law, ignores thousands of victims who sought justice and has given way to impunity.
He Supreme Court, has “revealed the confusion of such regulation, which has caused the lines of interpretation in this matter, so sensitive in the international arena, have not been produced with the desirable clarity” (STS 23-7-2014).
Y, in this context, ¿What has happened to the cases opened for crimes against humanity in the National Court? ¿What is the balance after a year of despair??
In the case of the Rwandan genocide, which had been initiated to investigate the murder of nine Spanish citizens who were carrying out their activity as missionaries and aid workers., The object of the investigation also made reference to the “systematic and hierarchical extermination of nearly 4.000.000 human beings, both Rwandan Hutu refugees and Congolese civilians, mostly hutus. In application of the new regulations and after legal vicissitudes, the definitive file regarding all those prosecuted for the crimes of genocide, against humanity and against protected persons and property in the event of armed conflict.
In the case of El Salvador, the procedure, which had been initiated to investigate the murder of Jesuit priests of Spanish and Salvadoran origin at the hands of members of the Salvadoran army with the political motivation that they were defenders of human rights, is paralyzed to know whether or not this new standard is complied with.
In the case of Guatemala, there were more than 250.000 victims and many of them, before dying, were subjected to severe torture. Of them, more of 45.000 they are still missing. Nearly one and a half million internally displaced people and about 150.000 who sought refuge in Mexico, They were also tortured. Nails 430 villages were erased from the map and some 667 massacres. He 93% was perpetrated by agents of the Guatemalan State. He 83% of the victims were Mayans, he 17% ladinos. As a whole, despite the time that has passed, Such events have not been investigated by the Guatemalan authorities., the trial against General Ríos Mont being paralyzed, that exercises obvious coercion of justice. The procedure in Spain is standing still waiting to learn about procedural aspects that may never arrive.
In the case of Carmelo Soria, The facts being investigated referred to the murder in 1976 by Carmelo Soria, of Spanish nationality, who worked as diplomatic staff for the United Nations at ECLAC (Economic Commission for Latin America), at the hands of members of the D.I.N.A. from Chile, some of them members of the Mulchen Brigade. The events were considered a crime of genocide, a crime of murder and a crime of illegal detention. Currently, The procedure is archived and pending the emergence of any procedural issue that may grant jurisdiction in order to conclude the investigation that was in its final phase.
In the case of the Sahara, The complaint was filed denouncing the repression carried out since the year 1975 until the year 1990 by the Moroccan Army and Police against the Sahrawi people in the territory of Western Sahara. Since Morocco's occupation of Western Sahara, until 1991 (date of the ceasefire between Morocco and the Polisario Front), were produced, in a generalized manner by the Moroccan military and police forces, bombings against civilian camps, forced displacement of civilian population, murders, arrests and disappearances of people of Sahrawi origin and based precisely on said origin. In addition to the arrests, were produced prolonged imprisonment without trial and torture of Sahrawi people by Moroccan military and police officials in various detention centers located both in the territory of Western Sahara and in Morocco. In this case, from the consideration of the Sahara as de jure Spanish territory, although not de facto, and that remains the administrative power, and as such, Until the end of the decolonization period, it has the obligations set out in the articles 73 and 74 of the United Nations Charter, the investigation can continue.
In relation to the case of Guantanamo, The US authorities have been asked if any procedure is followed in that country. The case is paralyzed, despite the fact that one of the victims of systematic torture is Spanish
In it Couso case, The procedure is being followed against three North American soldiers supposedly responsible for the death of cameraman José Couso: Lieutenant Colonel Philip de Camp, Captain Philip Wolford and Sergeant Thomas Gibson, by commanding and firing the cannon 120 mm Abrams M1 tank vehicle against the plant 15 from the Palestine Hotel in Baghdad, occupied by the international press covering the invasion of Iraq by international forces. As a result of the impact, Spanish journalist José Couso Permuy was hit by shrapnel and died several hours later at the Ibn Nafis hospital.. Reuters agency reporter Taras Protsyuk also died and three other journalists were injured.: Samia Najl, Paul Pasquale y Faleh Kheiber. For now, the procedure has been allowed to continue until the National Court decide whether Spain is competent to investigate the facts.
In it Tibet case, The facts referred to the crimes committed as a consequence of the domination of the People's Republic of China in Tibet and its military occupation, between the period between 1950 and 1979. As a consequence of the occupation and the imposition of communist ideology (communist transformation of a society eminently dedicated to the Buddhist faith), There were events confirmed by the International Commission of Jurists such as the attempt to destroy the Buddhist group existing in Tibet in order to eliminate the practice of their religion., using methods such as killing their most representative leaders, especially the lamas. The communist campaign in Tibet had devastating effects according to the Preparatory Committee of the Tibet Autonomous Region, which reflects the threat to the existence of the Tibetan people and Buddhism, denouncing that thousands of Tibetans died due to the ideological campaign to suppress the Tibetan rebellion since 1959. Since the occupation of the country by the People's Republic of China and until the year 1979 genocidal crimes took place, murders, deaths caused by the systematic practice of torture in prison and detention centers, purges or public demotion sessions, crimes forced disappearances, arbitrary executions and other crimes against humanity; These events continue to occur in the years following 1979. As a result of the new law, the procedure is definitively archived. The victims' representatives have appealed that decision.
In it Mauthausen case, serious criminal acts constituting crimes of genocide and crimes against humanity were investigated, committed in the Mauthausen concentration camps, Sachsenhausen and Flossenburg under the Nazi regime. In these camps they served as armed guards belonging to the SS Totenkopf., Two of the identified individuals would be residents of the United States.. It was agreed to dismiss and archive the case due to the lack of budgets for the exercise of jurisdiction by our Courts provided for in the new regulation of art.. 23.4 LOPJ.
He caso Falun Gong has also suffered the same fate. It was about investigating the actions of Chinese leaders determined to eradicate Falun Gong practitioners.. It is a centuries-old practice based on free spiritual beliefs that is very popular.. A control office was created by the Chinese Government to eradicate them under the pretext of their subversive political orientation and contrary to the principles of the communist regime.. To achieve this, they do not hesitate to subject their practitioners to torture to put an end to it.. The consequence of this is two hundred deaths after torture, loss of job that you do not resign, internment in forced labor camps; and culminates in the murder of about three thousand people. After years of providing testimonies and evidence about such terrible and atrocious events, he 15 of July of 2014 of the Plenary Session of the Criminal Chamber of the National Court agreed to file the procedure due to lack of jurisdiction arising after the reform carried out by the organic law 1/2014.
In it CIA flights case, The possible illegal detentions committed in our country on those flights were investigated. These would be detentions outside any legal framework carried out by US CIA agents and transfers to detention centers and flight stops in national territory.. On date 3 September of the 2014 It was agreed to dismiss and archive the proceedings and The case is pending appeal.
Meanwhile, Argentine federal justice offers us a very hard lesson for Spain. Given the refusal to investigate Franco's crimes and the helplessness of more than 150.000 victims, opened in 2011 procedure to investigate the perpetrators of these crimes and various arrest warrants have been issued that Spain has rejected. Nevertheless, and following the guidelines set by the United Nations organizations that point out Spanish impunity, The procedure continues and at some point what happened with the Argentine repressors may perhaps happen., at the time
The spaces of impunity in Spain have expanded without knowing well in exchange for what; but the fight against them continues, one more time,hand in hand with the victims who continue to show us the way with the dignity that those who should defend them lack.
in 1985 A law was approved that expanded the scope of Spanish jurisdiction based on the principle of universal persecution forcertain crimes of extraordinary seriousness (crimes of genocide, guerra, against humanity and crimes referring to the hard core of transnational organized crime such as terrorism and drug trafficking) why, as Spanish jurisprudence says, Its recognition was necessary “for the protection of essential goods for humanity.”, recognized by all civilized nations, regardless of the nationality of the participants and the place of commission, as soon as, in essence, "It addresses the knowledge of specifically international crimes.".
Was, precisely, It was this law that allowed criminal procedures to be initiated in our country to investigate crimes of genocide., torture, against humanity and war in defense of thousands of victims and against those in power who had violated the trust of their citizens and had broken the constitutional mandate to protect them in their countries of origin. Mass crimes perpetrated by Argentine and Chilean repressors during the dictatorship of the Military Juntas and Pinochet, respectively; crimes unpunished by the laws of forgiveness and obedience due to which thousands of men and women had disappeared, muertos, tortured without measure, stolen children and tens of thousands of exiles with the acquiescence of countries like the United States of America, under the mantle of the doctrine of so-called “national security” propagated by the School of the Americas.
It was the decisions of committed and brave judges that in 1998 They decided that the Spanish jurisdiction could not remain silent in the face of so much abuse and indifference; These were moments in which the Constitutional Court rose to the occasion by accepting the principle of pure universal jurisdiction., as an essential mechanism to fight against impunity and offer comprehensive protection to victims.
The so-called “Madrid trials”” impacted the world of law and human rights. At last, Justice wrote its history in capital letters, above political interests, diplomatic and economic. The Judiciary was raised to the constitutional level with which it is entrusted, facing the arbitrary and criminal power of those who massacred thousands of victims. It is, They found in justice the reparation so many times denied by the institutions. It seemed that civilization prevailed over barbarism. This situation spread and caught on in many countries and, above all, transmitted a forceful message to those who placed no limit other than their will in the exercise of violence and power.
Also, and under the protection of that universal jurisdiction, Spain persecuted thousands of drug traffickers and terrorists, contributing to effective judicial cooperation to avoid spaces of impunity that were so easily drawn and even made to protect those who perpetrated, financed or took advantage of this type of massive crimes.
But the path started in the second half of the nineties, he walked with difficulty, but overcoming the obstacles and traps of those who did not want or desire its consolidation. For them, this principle and the progressive interpretation that was given to it, It was a real “risk”, as were those who applied it. The “risk” of political instability was proclaimed with arguments as childish as they were false. Under the excuse of territoriality and national sovereignty, pure economic and political interests were hidden. Again, It was about protecting the most powerful while abandoning the victims to their fate.. Fortunately, the effort made had caught on in several countries, hence the first blow of the hand artfully given to the Universal Jurisdiction in Spain, did not produce the results expected by those who promoted it.
In the year 2009 and fruit of the agreement of the two main political parties, PSOE and PP, for unexplained reasons but known to all and related to some especially striking cases of crimes allegedly committed by the Israeli military in Gaza and the torture attributable to senior US authorities in the Guantánamo detention center, the exercise of that jurisdiction was curtailedrequire a national connection or link of Spain with the fact pursued. Nevertheless, as there is a possibility of proactive interpretation and for the benefit of research, Many victims continued to look at Spain with hope and many of the leaders suspected of criminal acts did so with fear..
The abandonment of Spanish leadership in the application of Universal Jurisdiction, was consumed abruptly, after Chinese authorities questioned Spanish judges for issuing international arrest warrants against senior Chinese authorities, supposedly related to the Tibetan genocide, investigated by the National Court. He 13 March 2014, at the proposal of the Popular Party and following an “express” procedure” processing, which avoided reports that would otherwise have been required, The ruling party imposed its absolute majority, as he did in 2003 to enter the illegal war in Iraq, and legally committed the “crime” against all Spanish citizens and against all the victims of the worst crimes designed by the human mind, that from the next day they will enjoy a high probability of impunity. The doctrine that the Spanish justice system imparted and extended during 15 years around the world and which has been followed by other legal and judicial systems, was pulverized, thereby consummating the improbable decision of the Supreme Court that two years earlier had definitively buried all judicial possibility of investigation, sanction and reparation for Francoist crimes.
The order to archive all universal justice procedures, collection at your additional disposal, clearly invaded the exclusive powers of the judges. Nevertheless, Some of them rebelled and appealed to the propositional interpretation of the international conventions binding on Spain and to the constitutional doctrine in force since 2005 and kept the procedures open, ensuring that the debacle was not absolute. Nevertheless, the Supreme Court again, little inclined, since always, to the actual exercise of universal jurisdiction, restricted it in relation to crimes of genocide, against humanity and war, and protecting the legislator, gave a favorable interpretation to Spanish jurisdiction in drug trafficking cases, after several judges of the National Court released multiple defendants who clearly went unpunished under the new law. Again, discrimination to the detriment of the weakest and to the benefit of institutions (legislative and executive) who were not up to the task of protecting the victims, joined the clumsiness of those who for unethical reasons, They used a mechanism that generated more difficulties than benefits. Inertia from which terrorism and the combat of international organizations that practice it would not escape. The new law, ignores thousands of victims who sought justice and has given way to impunity.
He Supreme Court, has “revealed the confusion of such regulation, which has caused the lines of interpretation in this matter, so sensitive in the international arena, have not been produced with the desirable clarity” (STS 23-7-2014).
Y, in this context, ¿What has happened to the cases opened for crimes against humanity in the National Court? ¿What is the balance after a year of despair??
In the case of the Rwandan genocide, which had been initiated to investigate the murder of nine Spanish citizens who were carrying out their activity as missionaries and aid workers., The object of the investigation also made reference to the “systematic and hierarchical extermination of nearly 4.000.000 human beings, both Rwandan Hutu refugees and Congolese civilians, mostly hutus. In application of the new regulations and after legal vicissitudes, the definitive file regarding all those prosecuted for the crimes of genocide, against humanity and against protected persons and property in the event of armed conflict.
In the case of El Salvador, the procedure, which had been initiated to investigate the murder of Jesuit priests of Spanish and Salvadoran origin at the hands of members of the Salvadoran army with the political motivation that they were defenders of human rights, is paralyzed to know whether or not this new standard is complied with.
In the case of Guatemala, there were more than 250.000 victims and many of them, before dying, were subjected to severe torture. Of them, more of 45.000 they are still missing. Nearly one and a half million internally displaced people and about 150.000 who sought refuge in Mexico, They were also tortured. Nails 430 villages were erased from the map and some 667 massacres. He 93% was perpetrated by agents of the Guatemalan State. He 83% of the victims were Mayans, he 17% ladinos. As a whole, despite the time that has passed, Such events have not been investigated by the Guatemalan authorities., the trial against General Ríos Mont being paralyzed, that exercises obvious coercion of justice. The procedure in Spain is standing still waiting to learn about procedural aspects that may never arrive.
In the case of Carmelo Soria, The facts being investigated referred to the murder in 1976 by Carmelo Soria, of Spanish nationality, who worked as diplomatic staff for the United Nations at ECLAC (Economic Commission for Latin America), at the hands of members of the D.I.N.A. from Chile, some of them members of the Mulchen Brigade. The events were considered a crime of genocide, a crime of murder and a crime of illegal detention. Currently, The procedure is archived and pending the emergence of any procedural issue that may grant jurisdiction in order to conclude the investigation that was in its final phase.
In the case of the Sahara, The complaint was filed denouncing the repression carried out since the year 1975 until the year 1990 by the Moroccan Army and Police against the Sahrawi people in the territory of Western Sahara. Since Morocco's occupation of Western Sahara, until 1991 (date of the ceasefire between Morocco and the Polisario Front), were produced, in a generalized manner by the Moroccan military and police forces, bombings against civilian camps, forced displacement of civilian population, murders, arrests and disappearances of people of Sahrawi origin and based precisely on said origin. In addition to the arrests, were produced prolonged imprisonment without trial and torture of Sahrawi people by Moroccan military and police officials in various detention centers located both in the territory of Western Sahara and in Morocco. In this case, from the consideration of the Sahara as de jure Spanish territory, although not de facto, and that remains the administrative power, and as such, Until the end of the decolonization period, it has the obligations set out in the articles 73 and 74 of the United Nations Charter, the investigation can continue.
In relation to the case of Guantanamo, The US authorities have been asked if any procedure is followed in that country. The case is paralyzed, despite the fact that one of the victims of systematic torture is Spanish
In it Couso case, The procedure is being followed against three North American soldiers supposedly responsible for the death of cameraman José Couso: Lieutenant Colonel Philip de Camp, Captain Philip Wolford and Sergeant Thomas Gibson, by commanding and firing the cannon 120 mm Abrams M1 tank vehicle against the plant 15 from the Palestine Hotel in Baghdad, occupied by the international press covering the invasion of Iraq by international forces. As a result of the impact, Spanish journalist José Couso Permuy was hit by shrapnel and died several hours later at the Ibn Nafis hospital.. Reuters agency reporter Taras Protsyuk also died and three other journalists were injured.: Samia Najl, Paul Pasquale y Faleh Kheiber. For now, the procedure has been allowed to continue until the National Court decide whether Spain is competent to investigate the facts.
In it Tibet case, The facts referred to the crimes committed as a consequence of the domination of the People's Republic of China in Tibet and its military occupation, between the period between 1950 and 1979. As a consequence of the occupation and the imposition of communist ideology (communist transformation of a society eminently dedicated to the Buddhist faith), There were events confirmed by the International Commission of Jurists such as the attempt to destroy the Buddhist group existing in Tibet in order to eliminate the practice of their religion., using methods such as killing their most representative leaders, especially the lamas. The communist campaign in Tibet had devastating effects according to the Preparatory Committee of the Tibet Autonomous Region, which reflects the threat to the existence of the Tibetan people and Buddhism, denouncing that thousands of Tibetans died due to the ideological campaign to suppress the Tibetan rebellion since 1959. Since the occupation of the country by the People's Republic of China and until the year 1979 genocidal crimes took place, murders, deaths caused by the systematic practice of torture in prison and detention centers, purges or public demotion sessions, crimes forced disappearances, arbitrary executions and other crimes against humanity; These events continue to occur in the years following 1979. As a result of the new law, the procedure is definitively archived. The victims' representatives have appealed that decision.
In it Mauthausen case, serious criminal acts constituting crimes of genocide and crimes against humanity were investigated, committed in the Mauthausen concentration camps, Sachsenhausen and Flossenburg under the Nazi regime. In these camps they served as armed guards belonging to the SS Totenkopf., Two of the identified individuals would be residents of the United States.. It was agreed to dismiss and archive the case due to the lack of budgets for the exercise of jurisdiction by our Courts provided for in the new regulation of art.. 23.4 LOPJ.
He caso Falun Gong has also suffered the same fate. It was about investigating the actions of Chinese leaders determined to eradicate Falun Gong practitioners.. It is a centuries-old practice based on free spiritual beliefs that is very popular.. A control office was created by the Chinese Government to eradicate them under the pretext of their subversive political orientation and contrary to the principles of the communist regime.. To achieve this, they do not hesitate to subject their practitioners to torture to put an end to it.. The consequence of this is two hundred deaths after torture, loss of job that you do not resign, internment in forced labor camps; and culminates in the murder of about three thousand people. After years of providing testimonies and evidence about such terrible and atrocious events, he 15 of July of 2014 of the Plenary Session of the Criminal Chamber of the National Court agreed to file the procedure due to lack of jurisdiction arising after the reform carried out by the organic law 1/2014.
In it CIA flights case, The possible illegal detentions committed in our country on those flights were investigated. These would be detentions outside any legal framework carried out by US CIA agents and transfers to detention centers and flight stops in national territory.. On date 3 September of the 2014 It was agreed to dismiss and archive the proceedings and The case is pending appeal.
Meanwhile, Argentine federal justice offers us a very hard lesson for Spain. Given the refusal to investigate Franco's crimes and the helplessness of more than 150.000 victims, opened in 2011 procedure to investigate the perpetrators of these crimes and various arrest warrants have been issued that Spain has rejected. Nevertheless, and following the guidelines set by the United Nations organizations that point out Spanish impunity, The procedure continues and at some point what happened with the Argentine repressors may perhaps happen., at the time
The spaces of impunity in Spain have expanded without knowing well in exchange for what; but the fight against them continues, one more time,hand in hand with the victims who continue to show us the way with the dignity that those who should defend them lack.
